In the Renaissance era, weddings were a huge affair. Much preparation were put into these weddings and they were very detailed and took much planning. There were laws related to marriage, marriage customs, music, clothing attire, food; and many more aspects to a Renaissance wedding.
During the Renaissance marriage laws began to emerge. In 1076, the Council of Westminster decreed that no man should give his daughter or any female relative to anyone with the blessing of a priest. in the future councils would also decree that marriage shouldn't be secret but rather held in the open. Also in the sixteenth century, the Council of Trent decreed that a priest was mandatory to preform the betrothal ceremony. Another law was that separation of marriage was tolerated, however there was no such thing as a legal divorce.
One of the marriage customs during the Renaissance era was that on an average the grooms were about 14 years older than their brides. It was very rare that a noble women wasn't married before they were in their mid-twenties. More than seventy five percent were married before they reached the age of 19.
Another one of the marriage customs during the Renaissance is that the weddings were often held at the bride's home or if the couples belonged to the nobility they would have their weddings in medieval castles. However during the later Middle Ages, the weddings most likely took place in a chapel.
A few of the other Renaissance marriage traditions that are still followed to this day are: throwing rice, tiered cakes, flowers, garters, and gave the reasoning behind the saying, "Something old, something blue". The tradition of throwing rice dates back to the Renaissance era; it symbolizes the luck for the couple and fertility. The idea of having a tiered cake also dates back to the Renaissance era. The guests would brings mini cakes and stack them on top of each other, and if the bride and groom could kiss over the top of them without knocking them down then they would be blessed with good luck. many women of this era wore a wreath of flowers on their heads; this also symbolized good luck and fertility. The throwing of the garter also dates back to the Renaissance era. The famous saying something old, something blue", also dated back to the Renaissance era. At that time the most popular color for a wedding dress was blue because it symbolized purity, and if a bride didn't have a blue dress then she would carry something blue. Even in today's weddings, people still follow this Renaissance era tradition.
Overall the Renaissance marriage ceremonies were dependent upon the social class of the bride and groom. Marriages were often arranged, mainly based on inheritance and property rights and not for love. Contracts were drawn up describing the rights of the bride and groom.
In the Renaissance weddings music were another aspect. Music was played throughout many different part of the wedding. The instruments of this era were broken into five major categories: winds, plucked strings, bowed strings, keyboard, and percussion. A few of the instruments in the winds category are: flutes, brass, cornet, uncapped double reeds, and capped double reeds. and few of the plucked strings were the gut-strung and metal or wire strung. A few of the keyboards of this era were the organ, clavichord, and harpsichord. The percussion of this era consisted of drums and metallophoes.
The clothing attire for weddings during the Renaissance era were usually elegant dresses that were form fitting with some bead work. They often had a very graceful and beautiful tone to them. They were sometimes long and often gold added to them. They also often had long sleeves with some type of ruffles on them.
A major past of a Renaissance wedding was the food. During the Renaissance era food was a major deal to peoples lives, so of course it was a even bigger deal for weddings during this time period. Huge feasts would be held to celebrate a wedding. This took place whether the bride and groom were peasants of came from a family of nobility. A few of the popular food of the time were: chickens, game hens, meat pies, cheeses, herbed vegetables, quail, goose, roasted boar, fish, roasted peacock, mutton, cheeses, nuts, fresh fruit, oysters, cabbage, tarts, custards, rice, and wine.
During the wedding, the guests would drink water, ale, beer, mead, milk, and wine. Fruit juices were created at this time, but the majority of it was fermented to create wine. In this era, wine was thought to nourish the body, restore health, help digestion, help clarify ideas, open the arteries and help procreation.
During weddings at this time, the table etiquette was that the squired learned and did every aspect from the carving of whatever type of meat they had to the correct placement and order of dished on the table.
During the Renaissance era, weddings were a huge affair. They often had much preparation related tohem and had many different parts to them. Overall they were magnificent events and some of the traditions still are used today. The Renaissance was an amazing era, and one way this is shown is through their weddings.
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
Tuesday, February 16, 2010
Renaissance Food
Renaissance food was very reflective of the era itself. The dishes that were prepared during this era were prepared to please both the eye and stomach. Some of the many food that the people of the renaissance cooked were: soups, roasts, salads, cheese, pastas, pastries, and many side dishes. This shows that during the renaissance era the people cared about food very much.
The history behind the early renaissance food is largely related to the leftovers of the Middle Ages. However, there was a transition when the Americas were discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. Soon new foods were migrated into the Renaissance kitchens. Some of the crops that were new to the Renaissance people were the potato and corn. These foods revolutionized Renaissance farming.
During the Renaissance era, feast were popular for special occasions; such as weddings, or around the holidays. Some of the foods that were often part of these feast were soups, roasts, salads, cheese, pastas, pastries, and side dishes. These feasts often included several courses and many desserts.
The soups were often very rich and were often several were served at the same time. The soups were cooked to please both the stomach and the eye. To do so they often made the soups with many colors, sweetened it with sugar, and sprinkles it with pomegranate seeds and aromatic herbs. They soups of this time were thought of to be “sweets”. One of the descriptions given by Taillevent, head cook of Charles VII, described a soup that mainly consisted of bread, sugar, white wine, yolk of egg, and rosewater. This shows that the soups of this time period were often very sweet.
An important part of the Renaissance meal were the roasts. The most common type of roast was the sirloin of beef. The way in which they cooked the roast were to first boil the meats and then the roasts was cooked with orange juices and rosewater, and covered with sugar and many spices. The roast was then cooked. The roast of this time were very complex in the sense that there was many ingredients that were put into the recipe to ensure a good tasting roast.
The people of this time period accepted the custom of serving the salads after the roast. However, the salads were never brought to the table in its natural state. The salads were similar to the salads of today in the sense that it consisted of raw herbs and had some sort of dressing. However, the salads of this time also included several other mixtures, such as: cooked vegetables, and the crests, livers, or brains of poultry. Near the salads in the order of the courses in a dinner were often eggs prepared in various ways.
Another aspect of a Renaissance feast and diet would include cheese. These cheese came from many places in France. They also ate cheese from Europe.
The Renaissance in a sense is Italian in the first place. Therefore it would not be Renaissance food without a variety of pastas. Some of these pastas included: semolina, vermicelli, and macaroni. They were called Italian food because they originated from Italy in France. The pastas were first introduced the Renaissance after the expedition of Charles VIII into Italy, and the conquest of Naples.
Pastries were another aspect of the Renaissance food. They were often a sweet and savory pastry. These included different sorts of tarts and meat pies. Ancient pastries received the name of tarte, from the Latin tortsa, a large hunch of bread. This name, however, was afterwards exclusively used for hot pies.
Side-dishes were also part of the food in the Renaissance period. They mainly consisted of: a variety of pastas, covered pastry, Bourconnaise pastry, double-faced pastry, pear pastry, and apple pastry, and white pastry with elder flowers, rice, roses or chestnuts.
During this era many seasonings were used to season the food,. Some of these seasonings include: rejoice, herbs, and flowers. When the rejoice was mixed with vinegar it formed the basis for many of the sauces. The spices were often added to add flavor to the dishes.
Overall to the people of the Renaissance cared about food greatly and created great feast. They created works of art that were carefully prepared to please both the eyes and the stomach.
The history behind the early renaissance food is largely related to the leftovers of the Middle Ages. However, there was a transition when the Americas were discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. Soon new foods were migrated into the Renaissance kitchens. Some of the crops that were new to the Renaissance people were the potato and corn. These foods revolutionized Renaissance farming.
During the Renaissance era, feast were popular for special occasions; such as weddings, or around the holidays. Some of the foods that were often part of these feast were soups, roasts, salads, cheese, pastas, pastries, and side dishes. These feasts often included several courses and many desserts.
The soups were often very rich and were often several were served at the same time. The soups were cooked to please both the stomach and the eye. To do so they often made the soups with many colors, sweetened it with sugar, and sprinkles it with pomegranate seeds and aromatic herbs. They soups of this time were thought of to be “sweets”. One of the descriptions given by Taillevent, head cook of Charles VII, described a soup that mainly consisted of bread, sugar, white wine, yolk of egg, and rosewater. This shows that the soups of this time period were often very sweet.
An important part of the Renaissance meal were the roasts. The most common type of roast was the sirloin of beef. The way in which they cooked the roast were to first boil the meats and then the roasts was cooked with orange juices and rosewater, and covered with sugar and many spices. The roast was then cooked. The roast of this time were very complex in the sense that there was many ingredients that were put into the recipe to ensure a good tasting roast.
The people of this time period accepted the custom of serving the salads after the roast. However, the salads were never brought to the table in its natural state. The salads were similar to the salads of today in the sense that it consisted of raw herbs and had some sort of dressing. However, the salads of this time also included several other mixtures, such as: cooked vegetables, and the crests, livers, or brains of poultry. Near the salads in the order of the courses in a dinner were often eggs prepared in various ways.
Another aspect of a Renaissance feast and diet would include cheese. These cheese came from many places in France. They also ate cheese from Europe.
The Renaissance in a sense is Italian in the first place. Therefore it would not be Renaissance food without a variety of pastas. Some of these pastas included: semolina, vermicelli, and macaroni. They were called Italian food because they originated from Italy in France. The pastas were first introduced the Renaissance after the expedition of Charles VIII into Italy, and the conquest of Naples.
Pastries were another aspect of the Renaissance food. They were often a sweet and savory pastry. These included different sorts of tarts and meat pies. Ancient pastries received the name of tarte, from the Latin tortsa, a large hunch of bread. This name, however, was afterwards exclusively used for hot pies.
Side-dishes were also part of the food in the Renaissance period. They mainly consisted of: a variety of pastas, covered pastry, Bourconnaise pastry, double-faced pastry, pear pastry, and apple pastry, and white pastry with elder flowers, rice, roses or chestnuts.
During this era many seasonings were used to season the food,. Some of these seasonings include: rejoice, herbs, and flowers. When the rejoice was mixed with vinegar it formed the basis for many of the sauces. The spices were often added to add flavor to the dishes.
Overall to the people of the Renaissance cared about food greatly and created great feast. They created works of art that were carefully prepared to please both the eyes and the stomach.
Monday, December 7, 2009
10 Final Exam Questions
1) What people were from western Asia, who moved into central Europe?
a. Vikings
*b. Magyars
c. Muslims
d. Franks
2) The invasions of which of the following did not led to the emergence of a new type of political order?
a. Muslims
b. Magyars
c. Vikings
*d. Mongols
3) In what century did a separation between the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire begin to develop?
*a. fourth
b. fifth
c. sixth
d. seventh
4)The most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire came from the rise of _Islam_.
5) The _Byzantine_ Empire was both a Greek and a Christian state.
6) The _emperor_ occupied a crucial position in the Byzantine state.
7) The _Macedonian_ dynasty of the 10th and 11th centuries had restored much of the power of the Byzantine Empire.
8) The _Crusades_ were based upon the idea of a holy war against the infidel.
9) In _843_, the Carolingian Empire had been divided into three major sections.
10) In the tenth century, the powerful dukes of the _Saxons_ became kings of the lands of the eastern Frankish kingdom.
a. Vikings
*b. Magyars
c. Muslims
d. Franks
2) The invasions of which of the following did not led to the emergence of a new type of political order?
a. Muslims
b. Magyars
c. Vikings
*d. Mongols
3) In what century did a separation between the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire begin to develop?
*a. fourth
b. fifth
c. sixth
d. seventh
4)The most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire came from the rise of _Islam_.
5) The _Byzantine_ Empire was both a Greek and a Christian state.
6) The _emperor_ occupied a crucial position in the Byzantine state.
7) The _Macedonian_ dynasty of the 10th and 11th centuries had restored much of the power of the Byzantine Empire.
8) The _Crusades_ were based upon the idea of a holy war against the infidel.
9) In _843_, the Carolingian Empire had been divided into three major sections.
10) In the tenth century, the powerful dukes of the _Saxons_ became kings of the lands of the eastern Frankish kingdom.
Sunday, December 6, 2009
Renaissance Art
The time period in which the Renaissance art was created was during the Renaissance period. The Renaissance art is distinctive in many ways. The Renaissance was the revival of the learning and cultural awareness that occurred in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They occurred mainly in Italy, but also took place in Germany and other European countries. This time period was focused on the revival of the ancient Greek and Roman art, which included a focus on science, philosophy, human beings, and their environment. (Book Internet)
The main reason for the Renaissance began in Italy is because of its location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Also, Italy was home to many wealthy families, willing to finance education. The Italian Renaissance was divided into three major parts: the Early, High, and late Renaissance.
The Renaissance also marks the part of European history where the Middle Ages were coming to a close and the Modern World was beginning. The main idea of the revival of the roman and Greek was through the belief that the study of the intellectual and artistic treasures of the Greco-Roman antiquity can be reached by artistic greatness, wisdom and enlightenment. This was inspired by Humanism.
During the Renaissance period many changes occurred in the area of art. One change that occurred was the spiritual content of painting. Some of the ideas from Roman history and mythology were borrowed. Some other changes were: devotional art of Christian orientation became classically humanized and classical artistic principles, including harmonious proportion, realistic expression, and rational postures were emulated. These are a few of the many ways in which Renaissance art is distinctive.
Compared to the art of the Middle Ages, Renaissance art is more life-like. This is one way inwhich Renassiance art is distinctive. "Renaissance artists studied perspective, or the differences in the way things look when they are close to something or far away. The artists painted in a way that showed these differences. As a result, their paintings seem to have depth."
One of the artist that was the first to paint with this new style was an artist from Florence named Giotto. Even though he lived more than a century before the beginning of the Renaissance, his his paintings show real emotion. The art produced during the Renaissance would build upon Giotto’s style. (Book Internet)
More ways inwhich Renaissance art was distinctive was that there was mannerism, which was characterized by odd poses and distortions. In a sense, the individual became the subject of art. The church mainly used art to portray passion, emotion, and drama in order to bring people back to the faith.
The main reason for the Renaissance began in Italy is because of its location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Also, Italy was home to many wealthy families, willing to finance education. The Italian Renaissance was divided into three major parts: the Early, High, and late Renaissance.
The Renaissance also marks the part of European history where the Middle Ages were coming to a close and the Modern World was beginning. The main idea of the revival of the roman and Greek was through the belief that the study of the intellectual and artistic treasures of the Greco-Roman antiquity can be reached by artistic greatness, wisdom and enlightenment. This was inspired by Humanism.
During the Renaissance period many changes occurred in the area of art. One change that occurred was the spiritual content of painting. Some of the ideas from Roman history and mythology were borrowed. Some other changes were: devotional art of Christian orientation became classically humanized and classical artistic principles, including harmonious proportion, realistic expression, and rational postures were emulated. These are a few of the many ways in which Renaissance art is distinctive.
Compared to the art of the Middle Ages, Renaissance art is more life-like. This is one way inwhich Renassiance art is distinctive. "Renaissance artists studied perspective, or the differences in the way things look when they are close to something or far away. The artists painted in a way that showed these differences. As a result, their paintings seem to have depth."
One of the artist that was the first to paint with this new style was an artist from Florence named Giotto. Even though he lived more than a century before the beginning of the Renaissance, his his paintings show real emotion. The art produced during the Renaissance would build upon Giotto’s style. (Book Internet)
More ways inwhich Renaissance art was distinctive was that there was mannerism, which was characterized by odd poses and distortions. In a sense, the individual became the subject of art. The church mainly used art to portray passion, emotion, and drama in order to bring people back to the faith.
Friday, November 20, 2009
The Remaining Crusades
Five minor crusades followed the fourth crusade. They were the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth crusades. The Minor Crusades timeline were: fifth crusade 1217 - 1221, sixth crusade 1228 - 1229, seventh crusade 1248 - 1254, the eighth crusade 1270, and the ninth crusade 1271 - 1272. The Minor Crusades were led by many different rulers. The fifth crusade was led by King Andrew II of Hungary, Duke Leopold VI of Austria, and John of Brienne. The sixth crusade was led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. The seventh and eighth crusades were led by King Louis IX of France. The ninth was lead by Prince Edward; who was later Edward I of England.
"The last four expeditions, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth crusades were undertaken by the Christians of Europe against the infidels of the East, may be conveniently grouped as the Minor Crusades. The Minor Crusades were marked by a less fervid and holy enthusiasm than that which characterized the first movements, and exhibit among those taking part in them the greatest variety of objects and ambitions."
The fifth crusade started when Pope Honorius III achieved in getting more Europeans to agree to try again to conquer Jerusalem from the Ayyubids. For this crusade the Pope decided that he would be in charge and not the European king. Following the fourth crusade plan, the crusade went south to Egypt. An alliance was made with the Seljuk sultan, Kay Kaus I, in 1218. They then attacked the port of Damietta in Egypt. Following this there was a siege, in which many people on both side died. In 1219, the crusaders finally gained Damietta, however, soon after they began to fight over power of this city. Shortly after, in 1221, the crusaders went after Cairo, to try to take over more of Egypt. However, the Ayyubids flooded the roads by using the Nile river. In order for the crusaders to get out they had to make peace with the Ayyubids. They came to an agreement in which the crusaders had to give back Damietta. After the peace treaty was made the crusaders went home with little progress to show.
Soon after the failure of the Fifth crusaded, Frederick II decided to try his own crusade. Friedrich marched on Acre, in Syria. "Then Friedrich got an offer from al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. Al-Kamil wanted to put his brother in power in Syria. He would hand over Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Friedrich in exchange for help from Friedrich's army. Friedrich agreed, and crowned himself King of Jerusalem in 1229 AD." However, a few months later Frederick II had to go home to Germany as a cause of problems there. He left Jerusalem without an army to protect it. Then the Mamluks, who were rising into power in West Asia, took Jerusalem.
The seventh crusade was started by King Louis IX of France. After the Mamluks took Jerusalem when Frederick II left it without an army to protect it, Louis announced his Crusade. He raised money from church tithes, then sailed to Cyprus; when he was 34 years old. Here he attacked and took the port of Damietta in Egypt; which was greatly involved in the fifth crusade. Using Damietta as a base, Louis then attacked Cairo. But the Mamluks arrived and defeated and captured him. France had to give back Damietta and pay a lot of gold to get him back. Louis and his army left for Acre in Syria. Louis was now forty years old and had ran out of money. Also, his mother, Blanche of Castile, died. She had been ruling France while Louis was away leading the Crusades, and with her dead Louis had to go home and take charge.
"After Louis IX of France had gotten France organized, following the death of his mother, Blanche, he wanted to try another Crusade. The Seventh Crusade, which Louis led, had ended in failure in 1254 AD, so in 1270, when he was 56 years old, Louis tried again. But he started by going to Tunis, to get a base in North Africa. Unfortunately the plague struck his camp, and Louis himself died of it. That was the end of the eighth crusade"
The ninth crusade is often combined with the eighth crusades. it is often considered to be the last Holy Crusade to get Jerusalem.
Overall the Minor Crusades were not a big success and mainly a waste of human lives.
"The last four expeditions, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth crusades were undertaken by the Christians of Europe against the infidels of the East, may be conveniently grouped as the Minor Crusades. The Minor Crusades were marked by a less fervid and holy enthusiasm than that which characterized the first movements, and exhibit among those taking part in them the greatest variety of objects and ambitions."
The fifth crusade started when Pope Honorius III achieved in getting more Europeans to agree to try again to conquer Jerusalem from the Ayyubids. For this crusade the Pope decided that he would be in charge and not the European king. Following the fourth crusade plan, the crusade went south to Egypt. An alliance was made with the Seljuk sultan, Kay Kaus I, in 1218. They then attacked the port of Damietta in Egypt. Following this there was a siege, in which many people on both side died. In 1219, the crusaders finally gained Damietta, however, soon after they began to fight over power of this city. Shortly after, in 1221, the crusaders went after Cairo, to try to take over more of Egypt. However, the Ayyubids flooded the roads by using the Nile river. In order for the crusaders to get out they had to make peace with the Ayyubids. They came to an agreement in which the crusaders had to give back Damietta. After the peace treaty was made the crusaders went home with little progress to show.
Soon after the failure of the Fifth crusaded, Frederick II decided to try his own crusade. Friedrich marched on Acre, in Syria. "Then Friedrich got an offer from al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. Al-Kamil wanted to put his brother in power in Syria. He would hand over Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Friedrich in exchange for help from Friedrich's army. Friedrich agreed, and crowned himself King of Jerusalem in 1229 AD." However, a few months later Frederick II had to go home to Germany as a cause of problems there. He left Jerusalem without an army to protect it. Then the Mamluks, who were rising into power in West Asia, took Jerusalem.
The seventh crusade was started by King Louis IX of France. After the Mamluks took Jerusalem when Frederick II left it without an army to protect it, Louis announced his Crusade. He raised money from church tithes, then sailed to Cyprus; when he was 34 years old. Here he attacked and took the port of Damietta in Egypt; which was greatly involved in the fifth crusade. Using Damietta as a base, Louis then attacked Cairo. But the Mamluks arrived and defeated and captured him. France had to give back Damietta and pay a lot of gold to get him back. Louis and his army left for Acre in Syria. Louis was now forty years old and had ran out of money. Also, his mother, Blanche of Castile, died. She had been ruling France while Louis was away leading the Crusades, and with her dead Louis had to go home and take charge.
"After Louis IX of France had gotten France organized, following the death of his mother, Blanche, he wanted to try another Crusade. The Seventh Crusade, which Louis led, had ended in failure in 1254 AD, so in 1270, when he was 56 years old, Louis tried again. But he started by going to Tunis, to get a base in North Africa. Unfortunately the plague struck his camp, and Louis himself died of it. That was the end of the eighth crusade"
The ninth crusade is often combined with the eighth crusades. it is often considered to be the last Holy Crusade to get Jerusalem.
Overall the Minor Crusades were not a big success and mainly a waste of human lives.
Thursday, November 12, 2009
The Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade was one of the most important crusades in history. It is often understood to be a much simpler crusade than truly is. It is also one of the most complex crusades.
When the Third Crusade failed to regain Jerusalem from the Ayyubids, Pope Innocent immediately started to encourage a new crusade. It took a long time until the crusade took place for a variety of reason. In 1193 AD, Saladin had died. As a cause of this the crusaders thought that Saladin's successors were weaker and would be easier to beat.
When the Third Crusade failed to regain Jerusalem from the Ayyubids, Pope Innocent immediately started to encourage a new crusade. It took a long time until the crusade took place for a variety of reason. In 1193 AD, Saladin had died. As a cause of this the crusaders thought that Saladin's successors were weaker and would be easier to beat.
For this crusade the crusaders would try something different. Rather than coming down from the north, they would sail the opposite direction to Egypt. Then they would come up from Egypt to Jerusalem.
The Crusaders did not have enough ships to take everyone to Egypt. So they went to Venice, the great sea power. When the Crusaders went to Venice, in June 1202, they did not have enough money for the ships. So the Venetians made a deal with the Crusaders. The Venetians agreed to finish the needed ship for the crusade if the Crusaders would first seize Zara on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. Zara, however, was a Christian city. Therefore the Pope protested against this. Despite this the crusaders besieged and captured the city.
"The interest of the Venetians and the intention of Dandolo, of course, was not merely to take Zara, but to secure it under their own hegemony." (Book Internet)
After the seize of Zara the Venetians persuaded the Crusaders to turn their arms against Constantinople. For the Venetians, Constantinople would greatly increase trade and influence in the East; and for the crusading nobles it gave opportunities for the growth of wealth and power.
The Crusaders took Constantinople. They burned a great part of it and slaughtered the inhabitants. They also destroyed monuments, statues, paintings, and manuscripts; which took thousands of years of accumulate.
Many islands which had belonged to the Empire now belonged the Venetians. At the end of the Fourth Crusade the Crusaders never fought the Ayyubids at all, and never went to Jerusalem. At the end, they took the piles of money and jewels and gold that they had captured in the sack of Constantinople and they went home. Pope Innocent agreed to let them back into the Church.
The chief crusaders formed part of the remaining territory into the Latin Empire of Constantinople. It was organized in fiefs. This new Empire lasted for less than sixty year. At the end of this period the Greeks returned to power. "The fall of Constantinople to the Venetians and the soldiers of the fourth crusade in April 1204 was its climax." (Book Internet)
Saturday, November 7, 2009
The Third Crusade
Following the second crusade came the third crusade. Overall the crusades were a cause of the Christians and the Muslims fighters over the Holy Land. This fight over Jerusalem was such a big deal, because of the importance of religion in the medieval times. Religion played an important role in human everyday life. Religion determined your social class and how you lived your life. Thus a religious place, such as Jerusalem, was important during the medieval times.
Another cause religion had on the crusades is that it was the very reason why many people fought in the crusades. They believed that they fought in the crusades under the name of God; and that by fighting in the crusade they guarantee themselves a place in heaven and would right their wrongs. They believed that it was God's will that they go and fight for Jerusalem.
The third crusade followed the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin and the defeat of Guy of Lusignan, Reginald of Châtillon, and Raymond of Tripoli at Hattin. The main leaders of the third crusade were: Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.
The third crusade started when Frederick I headed out. He, however, was hindered by the Byzantine emperor, Isaac II. Isaac II had formed an alliance with Saladin. Frederick continued on to the Bosporus, sacked Adrianople and compelled the Greeks to furnish transportation to Asia Minor. Unfortunately, this was the end of Frederick's life. He he died in 1190 in Cilicia from drowning, and only part of his forces went on to the Holy Land. Only 1,000 of the 30,000 who had originally left Germany reached their destination of Acre.
The remaining two leaders, Richard I and Philip II, were uneasy allies. They reached Acre in 1191, with help from the remnants of Frederick's army. They besieged the city, but Saladin's army attempted to break the siege, but were turned away. The city was taken on July 12. Philip, was frustrated with Richard, and left the Holy Land in August.
"On August 22, Richard executed the 3000 Muslim prisoners he still had in his custody at Acre, when he felt Saladin was not honouring the terms of Acre's surrender."
After this event, Richard wanted to take the port of Jaffa. This he would need to launch an attack on Jerusalem. While on this march, Saladin attacked him, but Richard won victoriously. By January of 1192, Richard was prepared to march to Jerusalem. (Book Internet) However, Saladin reinforced his army and city. As a cause of this when Richard came within sight of Jerusalem twice, he retreated each time in the face of Saladin's larger army. In July, Saladin tried to retake Jaffe. He, however, failed on July 31.
"King Richard and Saladin finally concluded a truce by the terms of which Christians were permitted to visit Jerusalem without paying tribute, that they should have free access to the holy places, and remain in undisturbed possession of the coast from Jaffa to Tyre. " As a cause of this the third crusade came to an end.
"The third crusade was the last effort of the united Christendom." (Book Internet)
Another cause religion had on the crusades is that it was the very reason why many people fought in the crusades. They believed that they fought in the crusades under the name of God; and that by fighting in the crusade they guarantee themselves a place in heaven and would right their wrongs. They believed that it was God's will that they go and fight for Jerusalem.
The third crusade followed the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin and the defeat of Guy of Lusignan, Reginald of Châtillon, and Raymond of Tripoli at Hattin. The main leaders of the third crusade were: Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.
The third crusade started when Frederick I headed out. He, however, was hindered by the Byzantine emperor, Isaac II. Isaac II had formed an alliance with Saladin. Frederick continued on to the Bosporus, sacked Adrianople and compelled the Greeks to furnish transportation to Asia Minor. Unfortunately, this was the end of Frederick's life. He he died in 1190 in Cilicia from drowning, and only part of his forces went on to the Holy Land. Only 1,000 of the 30,000 who had originally left Germany reached their destination of Acre.
The remaining two leaders, Richard I and Philip II, were uneasy allies. They reached Acre in 1191, with help from the remnants of Frederick's army. They besieged the city, but Saladin's army attempted to break the siege, but were turned away. The city was taken on July 12. Philip, was frustrated with Richard, and left the Holy Land in August.
"On August 22, Richard executed the 3000 Muslim prisoners he still had in his custody at Acre, when he felt Saladin was not honouring the terms of Acre's surrender."
After this event, Richard wanted to take the port of Jaffa. This he would need to launch an attack on Jerusalem. While on this march, Saladin attacked him, but Richard won victoriously. By January of 1192, Richard was prepared to march to Jerusalem. (Book Internet) However, Saladin reinforced his army and city. As a cause of this when Richard came within sight of Jerusalem twice, he retreated each time in the face of Saladin's larger army. In July, Saladin tried to retake Jaffe. He, however, failed on July 31.
"King Richard and Saladin finally concluded a truce by the terms of which Christians were permitted to visit Jerusalem without paying tribute, that they should have free access to the holy places, and remain in undisturbed possession of the coast from Jaffa to Tyre. " As a cause of this the third crusade came to an end.
"The third crusade was the last effort of the united Christendom." (Book Internet)
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